Chinese civilization is a linear historical process, and calligraphy has developed significantly within this context. During its formative period (from the Shang Dynasty to the late Han), Chinese writing evolved through stages, including oracle bone script, bronze inscriptions, large seal script, small seal script, clerical script, cursive script, running script, and standard script.
In the flourishing period (from the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang), calligraphy reached new heights. The styles shifted from seal and clerical scripts to simpler cursive and standard scripts, with Wang Xizhi emerging as a master, influencing the Tang Dynasty greatly. This era saw other notable calligraphers like Yu Shinan and Yan Zhenqing, each with distinct styles.
Oracle bone script, the earliest systematic writing, already contained fundamental elements of calligraphy, such as stroke techniques and composition. The aesthetic of these early forms reflects the natural beauty and cultural spirit of the Shang Dynasty. In contrast, the bronze inscriptions of the Western Zhou period showcased a robust and formal style, embodying the dynasty’s power.
The small seal script, standardized by Li Si after the unification of China, displayed fluidity and elegance, reflecting the Qin Dynasty’s ideals. The emergence of clerical script marked a significant shift, as it enhanced emotional expression and transformed writing into a lively form of art.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the North’s calligraphy evolved from clerical to regular script, marked by distinct regional characteristics influenced by the environment and culture. The South’s art reflected elegance and softness, while the North’s inscriptions displayed boldness and strength, indicative of the differing societal contexts.
The Tang Dynasty is noted for its emphasis on regulation in calligraphy, with Yan Zhenqing’s works epitomizing a powerful and grand style. The cultural vibrancy of the Tang, marked by political stability and creativity, fostered a flourishing artistic environment, integrating various art forms and aesthetic ideals.
